Gasificiation and WTE

Waste to Energy techniques for investigating new and innovative ways to reuse, redo or recycle

Evaluate  1-2 Tons of mixed waste into 600 Kw
A)   Evaluate Organic waste conversion (food, green waste, wood and scrap paper, to mineral Bio char and animal feed        
Waste to energy, processing approximately 15-20 Tons per day of non-recyclable waste
Including contaminated sewage sludge to generate electricity, sufficient enough for street lighting off grid

B)   Types of Municipal Solid Wastes and their solid
type  sources
organic food scraps, yard (leaves, grass, brush) waste, wood, process residues
paper scraps, cardboard, newspapers, magazines, bags, boxes, wrapping paper, telephone books, shredded paper, paper beverage cups. (Strictly speaking paper is organic but unless it is contaminated by food residue, paper is not classified as organic)
plastic bottles, packaging, containers, bags, lids, cups
glass bottles, broken glassware, light bulbs, colored glass
metal  cans, foil, tins, non-hazardous aerosol cans, appliances (white goods), railings, bicycles
other  textiles, leather, rubber, Add to dictionary, ewaste, appliances, ash, and other inert materials
Source-worldbank2012

C)   Mitigation emissions of methane from the  landfilling of biodegradable wastes (mainly paper and food and garden wastes
Emissions of fossil-derived carbon dioxide from the combustion of plastics and some textiles in incinerators.
Emissions of nitrous oxide during incineration of wastes
Emissions of fossil-derived carbon dioxide from the collection, transportation and processing of wastes, from the fuel used in these operations.
Emissions of halogenated compounds with high global warming potential from electronic and electrical equipment (such as refrigerants and insulating foam in refrigerators and freezers) waste.

D)   Thermal Processing is any process that uses heat to reduce the volume and decompose or change the physical, chemical, or biological composition of solid, liquid, or gas waste. This definition includes incineration, pyrolysis gasification, and plasma.
Source: IDB,2010;EPA2009

E)   Gasification is a process wherein organic carbonaceous materials are dissociated at high temperatures in an oxygen-starved thermal reactor to form a fuel gas known as synthesis gas (also designated as syngas, or producer gas). The syngas is composed of mainly, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane, and water vapor.  If the thermal reactor is air fed (as opposed to oxygen fed only), the syngas stream also contains nitrogen gas. This latter form of syngas, which includes di-molecular nitrogen in relatively large quantities, is more correctly referred to as producer gas. However, in accordance with common usage, the fuel gas from the air fed gasify will be referred to as syngas.

F)   Bio refinery is the sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products (food, feed, materials, chemicals) and energy (fuels, power, heat).
1st Generation bio refinery is the classical use of agricultural and forestall biomass (biomass rich on sugar: bioethanol; biomass rich on oil: biodiesel; wood biomass: paper). Low flexibility and integration.
2nd Generation Lignocellulose biomass as raw material. Utilization of the whole feedstock. Holistic approach. Intermediate flexibility and integration.
3rd Generation Use of agricultural and organic waste streams. Algal biorefinery. High flexibility and integration.

G)   A biorefinery system is described as a conversion pathway from feedstock to products, via platforms and processes.
Two-platform concept biorefinery, includes sugars and syngas platforms. Platforms are intermediates which link feedstock and final products. The platform concept is similar to that used in the petrochemical industry, where the crude oil is fractionated into a large number of intermediates that are further processed to final energy and chemical products.

H)   Synthesis gas (syngas) is a mixture of mainly carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is produced by subjecting biomass to thermal degradation in the presence of an externally supplied oxidizing agent (air, steam or oxygen) in a process known as gasification. After cleaning, the syngas can be used to produce power or can be converted into alcohols, fuel and chemical products. Syngas can also be fermented to give methanol, ethanol, ammonia and other chemical building blocks. 

I)   The new biorefinery will use Enerkem’s innovative technology to convert waste into methanol. Its patented technology chemically recycles the carbon contained in waste. The process, based on the thermochemical platform, cover four steps:

J)   Feedstock preparation. Sorting, shredding, drying (if required) and feeding.
Gasification. Conversion of carbon-rich residues into synthetic gas. In less than 5 minutes, the residues are converted into syngas.
Cleaning and conditioning of syngas.
Catalytic synthesis and product purification.

https://biorrefineria.blogspot.com/search/label/SYNGAS%20PLATFORM

K ) Biomass News .April 2017. Materials World Mag. P.8.
Woody Biomass under UK Chatham house current biomass policy frameworks equating it with renewables are not fit for purpose. The study claims combustion of woody biomass, a renewable energy source, is typically emits carbon dioxide and methane at higher levels than coal and considerably more than gas.
"Alternative facts" in the recent publish Chatham House Paper the inherent sustainability of the resource that accrues fro good forest management practices, means that the aggregate carbon stock had in private forests are not being depleted.
Carbon payback period for cutting to create biomass is 20 yrs to many decades and this option is not feasible. Carbon emissions from burning biomass can be absorbed by forest regrowth.
Not until analysis are completed can the identification of feedstocks with low carbon payback periods be conducted on a quantitative basis.
Feedstock range from harvested whole trees after high value saw logs have been sold for lumber, to sawdust and other waste from sawmills, already widely used for power at the mills themselves, black liquor a waste product of the pulp industry this being most appropriate because it has no other use. The woodwaste products can be made into products like MDF keeping carbon stored.

L) Uses of biogas - bioplastic
Biogas at  Smaller Sources small scale conversion of biogas to plastics and proteins
Viable for large producers from gas to raw materials.
VTT Technical Research Centre Finland aim to improve self sufficiency and sustainable plastic production.
For the process to work methanotrophic bacteria circulates through pipes of fermenters creating a cell 60% protein biomass, It is filtered, pasteurized and dried. Protein fractions can be extracted polyhydroxybutyrate plastic can grow as well which can be used as a biodegradeable alternative to oil based plastics. Replacement of meat, soya, egg whites, fish in food and animal feed.

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M) For food waste reduction by design (Linpac Poultry Split Pack) for portion control and food waste. Pack is predicted to make a significant contribution to food waste prevention and a substantial carbon equivalent savings. e. 1370T chicken waste represents 5490 T reduction carbon footprint
Biomass sources - cellulose sugarcane corn
Asia most common biomass feedstock for PLA is tapioca starch cassava root
North America - Cornstarch, sugarcane, sugarbeet-europe.

N) Polylactic acid biomass feedstock milled extract starch & hydrolyzed to convert glucose into dextrose, ferment create lactic acid. Ring  opening polymerization common process turn lactides into PLA. PLA is processed by injection molding blowmoulding low melting temperature useful for 3D printing filaments.